Contents
Summary iii
Samenvatting v
Contents xii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation . 1
1.2 Literature review of present state . 2
1.3 Approach 7
1.4 Outline . 8
2 Terminology, wind tunnel models and methodologies 9
2.1 Terminology . 9
2.1.1 Characteristic (non-)dimensional numbers 9
2.1.2 Flap phase angle 10
2.1.3 Averaging methods . 10
2.1.4 Data reduction . 11
2.2 Wind tunnel model . 11
2.2.1 Model description . 11
2.2.2 Wing model derived with co-kriging . 12
2.3 Standard wind tunnel corrections for steady flow 13
2.3.1 Steady corrections closed wind tunnels 13
2.3.2 Steady corrections for open jet wind tunnels . 14
2.4 Wind tunnel measurements and FSI . 15
2.5 Particle Image Velocimetry 16
2.5.1 Principles of PIV 16
2.5.2 Phase-locked PIV 17
2.6 Methods to derive (un)steady forces . 17
2.6.1 Kutta-Joukowski’s circulatory approach . 17
2.6.2 Noca’s momentum flux equation . 18
2.6.3 Implementation of Noca’s method 20
ix2.7 Uncertainty analysis 24
3 Experimental benchmark I and numerical comparison: an aerofoil
with actuated flap 25
3.1 Problem definition . 26
3.1.1 Low turbulence tunnel . 26
3.1.2 The model and equipment . 27
3.1.3 Steady and unsteady test cases 28
3.1.4 PIV setup and apparatus . 29
3.2 Numerical model 31
3.2.1 2-D panel code . 32
3.3 Wind tunnel corrections 32
3.3.1 Wind tunnel wall corrections . 33
3.3.2 Gap correction . 37
3.4 Results 38
3.4.1 Force evaluation 38
3.4.2 Steady cases 38
3.4.3 Unsteady cases . 40
3.5 Conclusions . 45
4 Experimental benchmark II: a free plunging wing with imposed flap
oscillations 47
4.1 Problem definition . 48
4.1.1 Open jet wind tunnel . 48
4.1.2 Wind tunnel model . 49
4.1.3 Supporting structure 49
4.1.4 Structural characteristics . 50
4.1.5 Steady and unsteady test cases 52
4.2 Measurements and post-processing 54
4.2.1 Measurement devices 54
4.2.2 Force derivation 55
4.2.3 Measurement procedure and post-processing 57
4.2.4 Uncertainty analysis 58
4.2.5 PIV setup and apparatus . 59
4.2.6 Wind tunnel corrections 61
4.3 Results 61
4.3.1 Steady cases 61
4.3.2 Unsteady case: 2-D PIV 67
4.3.3 Unsteady cases . 70
4.4 Conclusions . 80
5 Comparative study of numerical models for a free plunging aerofoil
with imposed flap oscillations 83
5.1 Problem definition . 83
5.1.1 Test problem simplification 83
5.1.2 Wind tunnel corrections 84
5.2 Numerical methods . 88
x5.2.1 2-D Extended Theodorsens model 88
5.2.2 2-D panel code with structural model 89
5.2.3 2-D Unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes solver with struc-
tural model . 90
5.2.4 Post-processing . 92
5.3 Results 92
5.3.1 Steady cases 93
5.3.2 Unsteady cases - description 98
5.3.3 Unsteady cases - subiterations 98
5.3.4 Unsteady cases - PIV test case 100
5.3.5 Unsteady cases - sensor test cases . 102
5.4 Conclusions . 112
6 Conclusions 115
7 Recommendations 119
A Wind tunnel corrections LTT wind tunnel 121
B Error classification 123
B.1 Experimental errors 123
B.1.1 Systematic errors 123
B.1.2 Random errors . 124
B.2 Numerical errors 124
C Data interpolation 125
C.1 Bayesian inference . 125
C.2 Kriging . 126
C.3 Co-kriging 127
D Wing/Aerofoil measurements 131
E Flap motion algorithm 135
F Theodorsens model 137
G Tabulated numerical and experimental results 139
H Wind tunnel measurements DU96-W-180 147
H.1 Steady measurement data original DU96-W-180 . 147
H.2 Steady measurement data current model . 148
H.3 Combined graphs DU96-W-180 and current
wind tunnel model . 150
I Tabulated results grid and time step study (U)RANS solver 153
References 155
List of publications 165
xiAcknowledgements 167
Curriculum Vitae 169
Xem Thêm: Plunging motions of an elastically suspended wing with an oscillating flap- An experimental and numerical assessmentNội dung trên chỉ thể hiện một phần hoặc nhiều phần trích dẫn. Để có thể xem đầy đủ, chi tiết và đúng định dạng tài liệu, bạn vui lòng tải tài liệu. Hy vọng tài liệu Plunging motions of an elastically suspended wing with an oscillating flap- An experimental and numerical assessment sẽ giúp ích cho bạn.
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Plunging motions of an elastically suspended wing with an oscillating flap- An experimental and numerical assessment
THẠC SĨ Plunging motions of an elastically suspended wing with an oscillating flap- An experimental and numerical assessment
Plunging motions of an elastically suspended wing with an oscillating flap- An experimental and numerical assessment
Plunging motions of an elastically suspended wing with an oscillating flap- An experimental and numerical assessment
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